Tesis en la Remanufactura

Laboratoire des Sciences pour la Conception, l'Optimisation et la Production, G-SCOP est un laboratoire pluridisciplinaire pour répondre aux défis scientifiques posés par les mutations du monde industriel en cours et à venir. Le périmètre du laboratoire va de la conception des produits à la gestion des systèmes de production en s'appuyant sur de fortes compétences en optimisation.

G-SCOP a publié plusieurs thèses sur le Remanufacturing, répondant aux problématiques de différentes entreprises dans le but d'optimiser leurs processus ou leur Business Model.

Contact Remanufacturing : Peggy ZWOLINSKI

A REMANUFACTURING PROCESS LIBRARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SIMULATIONS

'Closed loop' end-of-life strategies such as remanufacturing must be applied to create eco-efficient products. Remanufacturing may be a key element in reducing the environmental impact of products but this remains to be proved. The aim of this study is to help designers evaluate the environmental impacts of their remanufacturing process during the design phase. The first task is to identify, list and classify the various remanufacturing processes (disassembly, cleaning, sorting and controlling, reconditioning, reassembly) by type of process and then estimate the environmental impact for each process. These processes are then formalized by characterization and organised in a database. Using a simulator, the different processes can be aggregated to assess the environmental impacts of a remanufacturing line. An example is presented in the last part of this paper to illustrate the proposal.

Mots clés : process de remanufacturing, impact environnemental, simulateur, évaluation du cycle de vie

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INTÉGRATION DES CONTRAINTES DE REMANUFACTURABILITÉ EN CONCEPTION DE PRODUITS

Le but de cette étude a été l'identification des profils produit basés sur des critères de conception. Ces critères sont structurés par des règles et des indicateurs de conception qui sont utilisé par les concepteurs lors de la phase de conception. Huit catégories de critères ont été identifié pour la définition du profil produits. Ces catégories ont été basées sur l'étude de trente produits remanufacturés avec succès. Un outil a été développé REPRO2 (REmanufacturig Profil Produits) permettant de mener une véritable conception intégrée des produits remanufacturables. Avec cette outil les concepteurs peuvent utiliser les profils produits dans les premières étapes d'un projet de conception L'outil propose de l'information spécifique pour améliorer la définition technique interne d'un produit depuis un point de vue du remanufacturing.

Mots clés : Profils Produits Remanufacturables

L'étude menée sur les facteurs de succès du remanufacturing, s'appuyant sur de nombreux produits reanufacturés avec succès, a rendu possible la mise en exergue de 11 "PROfils de PROduits REmanufacturables", et le développement de l'outil Repro2. L'objectif étant de donner aux concepteurs la possibilité de comparer leur produit avec ces différents profils, et de savoir et comprendre où ils doivent intensifier leurs efforts.

Lien vers l'outil Repro²

Les recherches menées au Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Mécaniques et des Matériaux (LISMMA) concernent l’ingénierie des ensembles et des systèmes mécaniques. Elles ont un caractère pluridisciplinaire, recouvrant le génie mécanique, la mécanique, la mécatronique et le génie industriel. Les activités du LISMMA concernent : la physique des matériaux, la conception mécanique (partenariat avec Dassault systèmes pour le développement de CATIA), les systèmes logistiques, la tribologie (étude de tous les problèmes liés aux contacts) et la vibroacoustique (vibrations, bruits, matériaux amortissants).

Les enseignants-chercheurs et personnels techniques du Laboratoire travaillent en forte imbrication avec le monde industriel au travers de divers partenariats et collaborations (DASSAULT SYSTEMES, ALSTOM, ASTRIUM BOSCH, CNES, EADS, SAFRAN, RENAULT, PSA, VALEO, etc.).

Contact Remanufacturing : Dominique MILLET

HOW TO EXPLORE SENARII OF MULTIPLE UPGRADE CYCLES FOR SUSTAIINABLE PRODUCT INNOVATION: THE "UPGRADE CYCLE EXPLORER" TOOL

L’approche développée dans cette étude a pour but d’intégrer le potentiel de Remanufacturing dès que possible dans les processus de conception, afin de bénéficier au maximum des dimensions économiques et environnementales. Ce projet inclus une étude sur la conception en architecture modulaire, les processus de Chaine Logistique Inversée et aussi le problème de dimensionnement de cycles pour un usage multiple et les possibilités de mise à niveau (ou d’ajout de fonctionnalités).

Mots clés : Ecodesign, Nombre de cycles de vie, Attractivité, Mise à niveau, Durée de vie, Machines à affranchir

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DESIGN FOR REMANUFACTURING: WHAT PERFORMANCES CAN BE EXPECTED?

The objective of this report is to supply first of all a state of the art on the consideration of the remanufacturing on one hand in the ecodesign methods and on the other hand in the reverse supply chain management (RSC). These states of the art show that the available methods of ecodesign take into account little the potentialities of the remanufacturing notably because of the difficulty considering products with multiple life cycles (notion of upgradability). They show on the other hand that the RSC management and the ecodesign methods are considered rarely simultaneously. A case study conducted on an espresso machine completes these states of the art to accentuate the various dimensions of the remanufacturing problem. All these elements reveal the necessity of giving to the design team, a method helping to develop new concepts of remanufacturable systems.

Mots clés : Eco-Design, Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), Evaluation Economique, DfX (conception pour x), Chaine Logistique Inverse, Machine expresso

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MODIFYING MODULE BOUNDARIES TO DESIGN REMANUFACTURABLE PRODUCTS: THE MODULAR GROUPING EXPLORER TOOL

The method proposed in this paper makes it possible to identify remanufacturable and recyclable modules using criteria of cost and environmental impact; the method groups together remanufacturable and recyclable modules using criteria of reliability and obsolescence, and redefines the perimeters of such modules. This approach is tested on a case study (expresso machine); the study highlights the advantages of such an approach (the exhaustive exploration of product architectures while redefining module frontiers) as well as its limitations.

Mots clés : Conception cycle de vie ; design modulaire ; outil eco-design

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CONDITIONS OF EMERGENCE OF OEM'S REVERSE SUPPLY CHAINS

Although academic research and some industrial experiences show that a reverse supply chain (RSC) based on remanufacturing offers the possibility to transform the constraint of environmental regulations on product recovery into an opportunity for value creation, few companies have managed to set up their own RSCs. Five research propositions on the condition of emergence of RSCs follow from a literature review and are applied to a case study from a global player in the electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) industry. The findings support the importance of an integrated approach for the design and implementation of a RSC. This integrated approach responds to the traditional questions of OEMs, ‘Why’ set up a RSC?; ‘What’ main conditions must be taken into account in the three segments of a RSC (procurement, production, and distribution)?; and ‘How’ can these conditions be satisfied?

Mots clés : Chaine logistique inverse ; Equipement Electrique et Electronique (EEE)

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‘Environment’ is a key strategic theme at Cranfield. We have been contributing to the ‘green economy’ for over 40 years with deep expertise in environmental governance and sustainability, natural resource management, agriculture and land management, energy and the environment, environmental engineering for the treatment of water, wastes and contaminated soils and environmental health and food.

VALUE-RETAINED VS. IMPACTS AVOIDED: THE DIFFERENTIATED CONTRIBUTIONS OF REMANUFACTURING, REFURBISHMENT, REPAIR, AND REUSE WITHIN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Value-retention processes (VRPs), a collective term that includes practices of direct reuse, repair, refurbishment, and remanufacturing, can facilitate the cycling of products and components within a circular economy (CE). VRPs are often presented as alternatives to conventional manufacturing and consumption, and as mechanisms for avoiding negative environmental impacts (e.g., landfill) and mitigating issues of material scarcity. However, these practices are typically lumped together under generic ‘reuse’ strategies within sustainable materials management programs and policies. Further, there is a lack of clarity and data regarding how VRPs differ, and the extent to which they contribute to the avoidance of negative environmental and economic impacts. Using novel integrated product-, process, and economy-level models, we quantify select environmental and economic impact metrics for VRPs and conventional manufacturing across six case study products, in two industrialized economies (USA and China). Using this novel methodology, we demonstrate a basis for clear differentiation of VRPs as distinct strategies within a CE, and show that each VRP offers differing forms of value (e.g. cost reduction, labor opportunity, and material retention) and differing degrees of environmental and economic impacts (e.g., primary material requirement, embodied emissions, process emissions). In all cases, the product- and process-level comparative analyses indicate that VRPs present a clear opportunity for significantly reduced environmental impacts, relative to conventional manufacturing. This novel methodology provides an adaptive, comprehensive model that can support the decision of whether or not to engage in VRPs. By quantifying and evaluating VRPs in terms of their relative environmental and economic performance, the distinct avenues, expectations and outcomes for CE can be better integrated across diverse industry and product portfolios (International Resource Panel.

Key words : Value, Metrics

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DEVELOP A COST MODEL TO EVALUATE THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF REMANUFACTURING BASED ON SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE

Remanufacturing is a process of recovering used products to a like-new condition. It can potentially achieve considerable economic, environmental and social benefits in many applications. However, its economic benefit varies for different products and remanufacturing processes. This research aims to develop a framework and cost model to quantitatively evaluate the benefits of remanufacturing techniques to assist the decision making on end-of-life strategies. Additive manufacturing-based remanufacturing process has been modelled first, then cost breakdown structure for the process has been created, and the cost model has been developed. Validation of the cost model has been conducted based on expert judgement, and a case study has been carried out by using the developed cost model to compare the benefit of remanufacturing a specified component or making a new one.

Mots clés : Fin de Vie, Récupération de produits en fin de vie, Estimation de coûts, Analyse de bénéfices économiques

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The divison of Manufacturing Engineering conducts research in four main areas:
- development and operation of equipment, flexible automation and industrial robotics,
- development and operation of systems,
- product development and design for different types of manufacturing,
- development of sustainable manufacturing, including function sales and remanufacturing.

Sustainable manufacturing is a higher-level requirement for all research in industrial manufacturing, but the main area 4 has a major focus specifically on this. Furthermore, research in the first three main areas can all contribute to develop sustainable manufacturing.

The interaction between the design of the manufacturing processes/systems and product design is a very important area. We work in areas such as: Design for Assembly, Design for Manufacturing, Design for Remanufacturing, Design for Disassembly and Design for Serviceability.

Contact Remanufacturing : Erik Sundin

UNDERSTANDING OF A PRODUCT/SERVICE SYSTEM DESIGN: A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO SUPPORT DESIGN FOR REMANUFACTURING

A product/service system (PSS) facilitates remanufacturing and thus is the article’s subject. This article presents a first quantitative analysis, through a descriptive study, of the details of a PSS design case. To do so, an example of PSS design was conducted using a real offering in the marketplace, and this design episode was analyzed through protocol analysis developed further by the authors. The results of the analysis include reasonable hypotheses: PSS design begins with needs by and value for a customer, addresses primarily life cycle activities for solutions, and ends back with value. In addition, life cycle activities, which accounted for about 30% of the episode, were found to be given a central role within PSS design. Furthermore, reasoning about problems, which spent more than 30% of the design, seems to be a new and important type of activity in PSS design as compared to physical product design. This article contributes to greater understanding of PSS design process in quantitative terms and thus to developing effective support for PSS design. Knowledge about PSS enables the understanding of remanufacturing with a more holistic perspective and thus creating an opportunity for better optimization of remanufacturers’ activities.

Mots clés : Systèmes Produits Services (PSS)

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PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN FOR SUCCESSFUL REMANUFACTURING

In this dissertation, a generic remanufacturing process is described with all included steps that are needed to restore the products to useful life. In order to make the remanufacturing process more efficient, the products need to be adapted for the process.
Therefore, the preferable products properties facilitating each step in the generic remanufacturing process have been identified. A matrix (RemPro) was created to illustrate the relation between each and every generic remanufacturing step and the préférable product properties.

Etudes de cas sur : 24 Hour Toner Services - MKG Clearprint - Cummins OER - FUJI Film - Scania CV AB - Electrolux AB

Mots clés : Etudes de cas ; Suede

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ON REMANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

The first issue discussed in this dissertation is the drivers that make companies interested in remanufacturing products in the first place. The conclusion is that the general drivers are profit, company policy and the environmental drivers. In a general sense, the profit motivation is the most prevalent business driver, but still there are situations where this motivation is secondary to policy and environmental drivers.

Secondly, the need to balance the supply of returned products with the demand for remanufactured products shows that the possible remanufacturing volumes for a product are dependent on the shape of the supply and demand distributions. By using a product life cycle perspective, the supply and demand situations can be foreseen and support is given on possible strategies in these different supply and demand situations.

Thirdly, how used products are gathered from customers is categorised by seven different customer relationship types. These types all have different effects on the remanufacturing system, and the characteristics of these relationships are disused in detail.

Mots clés : Drivers ; strategies d'offre/demande ; relations consommateurs

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The department of Design, Manufacture & Engineering Management (DMEM) is a vibrant and active research community. We sit in the top ten of all UK universities in research performance power rankings, for both business and management studies as well as mechanical, aeronautical and manufacturing engineering.

Our research is centred on the vision of 'Delivering Total Engineering'. We investigate processes, systems and technology to support and enable engineering from concept to remanufacture. Our vision embodies the university ethos of ‘useful learning’ through practical application of research and close collaboration with industrial partners.

Our research takes place through a number of world-class research centres and groups which sit within the Advanced Design and Manufacturing Hub, a cohesive and integrating framework for advanced manufacturing research across the Department and elsewhere in the Faculty and University.

We focus on five key research themes: creativity and innovation, materials, operations, sustainability and technology.

Contact Remanufacturing : Winifred Ijowah

DESIGN FOR REMANUFACTURING IN CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

This paper presents the findings from a literature review and case study research conducted as a small part of the Globally Recoverable and Eco-friendly E-equipment Network with Distributed Information Service Management (GREENet) project. The GREENet project aims to share knowledge and expertise in e-waste treatment across Europe (in this case, the UK) and China. The focus of this particular study was upon ‘design for remanufacture’ and e-waste in China: as a remanufacturing industry begins to emerge, are Chinese original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) prepared to design more remanufacturable products and could electrical and electronic products become a part of this industry? Findings presented in this paper suggest that design for remanufacture could become more relevant to Chinese OEMs in the near future, as environmental legislation becomes increasingly stringent and a government remanufacturing pilot scheme expands. However, findings from case studies of Chinese e-waste recyclers would suggest that electrical and electronic products are not presently highly suited to the remanufacturing process.

Mots clés : Déchets d'Equipement Electroniques et Electriques (DEEE) ; Conception pour le Remanufacturing ; Chine

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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO REMANUFACTURING: MODEL OF A REMANUFACTURING SYSTEM

Remanufacturing is the process of rebuilding used products that ensures that the quality of remanufactured products is equivalent to that of new ones. Although the theme is gaining ground, it is still little explored due to lack of knowledge, the difficulty of visualizing it systemically, and implementing it effectively. Few models treat remanufacturing as a system. Most of the studies still treated remanufacturing as an isolated process, preventing it from being seen in an integrated manner. Therefore, the aim of this work is to organize the knowledge about remanufacturing, offering a vision of remanufacturing system and contributing to an integrated view about the theme. The methodology employed was a literature review, adopting the General Theory of Systems to characterize the remanufacturing system. This work consolidates and organizes the elements of this system, enabling a better understanding of remanufacturing and assisting companies in adopting the concept.

Mots clés : Le Processus de Remanufacturing, Compréhension générale du processus

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A COST MODEL FOR OPTIMIZING THE TAKE BACK PHASE OF USED PRODUCT RECOVERY

Taking back the end-of-life products from customers can be made profitable by optimizing the combination of advertising, financial benefits for the customer, and ease of delivery (product transport). In this paper we present a detailed modeling framework developed for the cost benefit analysis of the take back process. This model includes many aspects that have not been modeled before, including financial incentives in the form of discounts, as well as transportation and advertisement costs. In this model customers are motivated to return their used products with financial incentives in the forms of cash and discounts for the purchase of new products. Cost and revenue allocation between take back and new product sale is discussed and modeled. The frequency, method and cost of advertisement are also addressed. The convenience of transportation method and the transportation costs are included in the model as well. The effects of the type and amount of financial incentives, frequency and method of advertisement, and method of transportation on the product return rate and the net profit of take back were formulated and studied. The application of the model for determining the optimum strategies (operational levels) and predicting the maximum net profit of the take back process was demonstrated through a practical, but hypothetical, example.

Mots clés : Acquisition produits ; Incitation financière ; Analyse des bénéfices ; Retour produits

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AN ANALYSIS OF REMANUFACTURING PRACTICES IN JAPAN

This study presents case studies of selected remanufacturing operations in Japan. It investigates Japanese companies' motives and incentives for remanufacturing, clarifies the requirements and obstacles facing remanufacturers, itemizes what measures companies take to address them, and discusses the influence of Japanese laws related to remanufacturing.

Mots clés : Japon ; Obstacles au Remanufacturing ; Services

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